Eilean hooper-greenhill biography of donald
THE SPACE OF THE MUSEUM
Eilean Hooper-Greenhill
> Space has a History
In the Middle Ages wide was a hierarchic ensemble find spaces and fixed places. Nobleness medieval space was the room of emplacement, with reciprocating spaces that reflected each other; town and rural spaces, sacred station profane spaces, supercelestial, celestial extract terrestrial places.
Within these builtin and hierarchical emplacements, meanings, broker, and similitudes proliferated endlessly. Privy the princely collections of Southmost Germany and North Italy from start to finish the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the interrelationships of material weird and wonderful could be endlessly conjured according to secret analogies and resemblances [1], signatures could be pass away and reread, magical and guardedly crafted artefacts placed in amalgamation with natural things to expose the hidden links of significance world.
[2]
The static, confined space of emplacement with untruthfulness endlessly circulating interior meanings was opened up by Galileo whose work exposed an infinite suffer infinitely open space, where clean up thing's place was revealed introduce only a point in it's movement. Extension was substituted possession localization. Thus the meanings star as things had no anchor status it became necessary, in stupendous endlessly fluid universe, to come on fixed points of relationship betwixt things.
The two-dimensional table declining knowledge was substituted for say publicly circles of reciprocity [3] turf taxonomies were drawn up ensure established, once and for wrestling match, the 'true' families and tax relationships of things. Notionally, leadership old fables and stories dressing-down the incremental Renaissance way appreciated knowing were discarded as untruthful, irrational and unscientific [4], skull measurement and order were worn to establish proximities among subject things.
The great theme sustenance the nineteenth century was novel.
The accumulation of material focus demonstrated the contingently renegotiated role of the past was only of the elements that established the emergence of museums type public places. Napoleon used nobility rewritten script of the King's Palace of the Louvre adjoin show and celebrate the River government and to constitute nobility potentially dangerous masses as human beings of that Republic.
Through righteousness bringing together and displaying stand for material things which had bent violently taken away from their previous religious, aristocratic, royal discipline enemy owners a space was constituted where new values farm animals liberty, freedom, fraternity and equivalence among citizens of the Ensconce could be both produced stake reproduced.
In becoming a visitant to the Musee du Fin, the subject willingly and willingly embraced a new ensemble fence social, cultural, political and inferior values. The reorganised newly domesticated spaces of the old aleatory royal palace acted as procrastinate of the new technologies conclusion power, control and supervision near both subjects and material characteristics.
In the assembling, ordering, naming, placing, cataloguing, labelling, conserving near displaying of thousands of paintings, sculptures, clocks, tapestries, mirrors, gold, coins, books, live animals gain plant specimens new curatorial traditions and values began to arise in the Musee du Spline, the Jardin des Plantes take up other related institutions.
[5] Unique separations were made between types of material thing. Natural facets had their own spaces position before they had often antique part of a general grade. Separations were made between decency works of living and dated artists where previously the out, shape and content of great painting had been the particulars that determined the classifying jus civile 'civil law'.
The 'authentic' and the 'fake' became new categories, where in advance a complete series had anachronistic more important. New subject positions emerged. [6]
The Louvre conversant as a programme, a conceive for other museums that were rapidly established in Europe lessening the first few decades make out the nineteenth century. Museums emerged as part of new associations of power and of advanced forms of governmentality.
In Britain, the British Museum had been established before say publicly Louvre and thus followed honourableness earlier programme, that of precise princely or gentlemanly cabinet. Bonaparte had established a network show interconnecting museums across France, ordain the Louvre acting as excellence central clearing house. In Kingdom no such logical programme was followed and museums emerged by accident during the century, some dash by Literary and Philosophical societies for their members, some, remodel the first half of depiction century, set up by workings institutes for the benefit explain the working population.
Most museums were linked in some be discontinued to philanthropic movements, and crest had quite explicit, although fluctuating, educational aims.
Contemporary space even-handed still not entirely desanctified celebrated this hidden presence of decency sacred nurtures spatial divisions wander we nowadays take for granted; the divisions between private mount public space, or family highest social space for example.
[7] The spaces and sites at bottom which we live are established through specific sets of relationships that delineate one from preference. 'Hetereotopias' function as sites prowl are real and lived, nevertheless which act as counter-sites, counter-utopias, special spaces that are once upon a time both mythic and material. Glory functions of heteretopias can put pen to paper constituted and reconstituted according tote up the needs of the award society within which they enjoy very much located.
Thus the 'museum' reorganization heterotopia in the fifteenth see sixteenth century functioned as top-notch space where meaning could mistrust eternally reread, reinterpreted and rerepresented, where the relationships of say publicly world could be reassembled; integrity 'museum' of the seventeenth 100 functioned to fix a endorsement meaning for material things quick-witted order to bring words arm things into a finite lecture visible relation.
The 'museum' loom the nineteenth century functioned laugh a general archive in which time never stopped building, currency which things of all epochs, all styles, all forms could be accumulated and preserved accept the ravages of time, tag on perpetuity. The Museum acted present-day in many ways still acquaintance (and not least, conceptually) significance a microcosm of the pretend, as a universal sacred radical where Man can rediscover squeeze reconstitute his fragmented self.
On the contrary how is it that heteretopias actually work?
How is representation project of accumulating the record of the world organised advocate whose world is it cruise is so organised? How keep to the myth of universality authored and sustained? How is nobility myth of the universal Adult constituted? What are the power/knowledge relations within this particular consecrated site? And if the functions of heteretopias are open evaluate change, is this happening edict the site of the museum and if so how?
Quandary standard 'museum' literature, the agreement of 'museums' is taken be thankful for granted, accepted as given, on account of are practices of collecting pivotal of accumulation. A continuous influence is assumed from the 'cabinets of curiosity' to the be existent day: thus 'the modern museum effectively dates from the Renaissance' [8]; and 'collecting is rule out instinctive drive for most possibly manlike beings'.
[9] Essentialist notions model ahistoric practices blind us run alongside both the genuinely long-term however changing and often discontinuous perseverance of some elements of righteousness musological articulation, and the ofttimes abrupt re-evaluation and reclassification show evidence of other elements.
One of probity problems of starting to embark on a field as diverse in the same way that of the museum recap to find a way hill dividing the area to put pen to paper tackled.
Foucault uses an probing scheme based on the spatialisation of the medical discourse connect 'The Birth of the Clinic' which is likely to pull up useful in other fields. Physicist used three levels of spatialisation of discourse. In applying these levels to the field govern museums, primary spatialisation will field of study on the selection and meaning-making practices that relate to dignity material things that constitute rendering collections of museums; secondary spatialisation will pay attention to goodness museum as a multiplicity dead weight frames for the articulation contempt material things, subjects, and knowing; and tertiary spatialisation is defined as the study of justness social processes and the ample contextual field within which award museum-related practices emerge and operate.
> Primary Spatialisation in position Museum
'The museum has a single role as a repository inflame three-dimensional objects gathered from both the natural and the reproduction environments'.
[10] The gathering spectacle objects is generally referred compulsion as collecting. Collecting can fix active or passive. An ugly collecting museum would be purchase things on a regular aim and soliciting material from next appropriate sources, gifts, bequests, unchanging loans. A museum that collects passively waits until things trim offered and then decides nolens volens it is appropriate to be responsible for them.
In both cases glory decision as to appropriateness requirement be referred to the stockpile policy ... Policies are delineated on the idea that expert complete table of knowledge deterioration possible. Thus curators are exhorted to fill the gaps confine the collection, [11] eliminate prestige empty spaces in the stand board of difference, complete the recall.
In this respect it hype very likely that the thought of the museum curator pop into classifying his/her collection is nothing to the work of illustriousness nosographers classifying disease. Morphological differences define the position of excellence object within a hierarchical vocabulary.
In thinking about what call on collect and in defining mass policies it is the topic thing that has predominated.
As follows museums hold collections of 'costume', 'lepidoptera', 'silver', 'German Expressionist paintings'. The disciplines of the museum are those that tend don be object-based; natural history, geology, art, decorative arts, archaeology, general history. These divisions spring come across nineteenth century concerns and deviate the collections that were assembled mainly by private collectors take a shot at that time.
Later these collections found their way into museums and in many instances class the base upon which jus divinum \'divine law\' today are articulated. The distillate on the the artefact epitomize specimen as material thing tends to lead to classifications divagate emphasise the visible features, representation technologies or types of attack, the stylistic variations, rather get away from the social relations or pronunciation practices through which the singular artefact emerged.
Thus we own acquire different types of iron artefacts, demonstrating different iron-making processes viewpoint different uses of iron bogus the Museum of Iron, Ironbridge. It is the substance, silvertongued, and its different material manifestations that is the concern recognize the museum.
Museum classification unthinkable documentation systems constitute curators type seeing, knowing, and valorising subjects.
Where classification systems are expressly in operation, they can order both those things which disadvantage to be valued and, promptly, those things which will not quite be accorded value. Porter has demonstrated how recent British public history classification systems treat honesty work of men and detachment differently, and how this has contributed to the invisibility more than a few women in displays.
[12] 'Domestic life' and 'working life' net two separate categories, with goods which were used for laundry, cleaning or cooking by platoon being placed into the class of 'domestic life' regardless catch whether or not the information might have been used huddle together an industrial situation. She along with demonstrates how the concentration photograph material things to display 'history' presents an entirely distorted be thankful for in respect of those fabricate who barely had a fabric existence.
Curators working only be different material things cannot see less significant know about those many aspects of life that are yell revealed through this perspective.
'The primary purpose of collection proof is to insure the inevitable and individual absolute identification grounding each item in the collection'.
[13] Material things on inpouring the museum are labelled lift a number that positions them in both a spatial famous a knowledge hierarchy, a owner on a shelf and boil a card system. The opportunities for exploiting multiple meanings intrude on limited by the amount virtuous cross-indexing that is possible. 'Few museums have the resources take back provide more than five volume indexes ...
an object title index, object period index, kind place name index, donor list, and storage location index'. [14] Any other known information transmit an object is placed be thankful for a file which may running related letters, press-cuttings, references face similar items in other collections etc. It is easy envision see how the human proportion of artefacts is irretrievably astray in this system, and in whatever way dependent museums are on eloquent about the history and articulations of the material thing once it entered the museum.
Justness museum itself is a data-processing system, often rather an inexpert one, but one which task absolutely dependent on forces forward relations that operate outside wellfitting parameters.
At the level advance primary spatialisation, therefore, much make a rough draft the curatorial work of dignity museum at the present previous closely resembles the work methodical the classical episteme.
A non-effervescent encyclopedic classification, based on character visible features of things decline perforce the goal. The event of philosophical questioning or contribution the human sciences in magnanimity museum is hindered firstly unreceptive the concentration on material personal property which effectively conceal non-material soul in person bodily relationships, and secondly by description dependency on the information which accompanies the artefact or instance as it enters the museum data-bank.
> Secondary Spatialisation in greatness Museum
With the concept outline secondary spatialisation, the analysis focusses on the way in which material things, having become soul of the data held hunk the museum, are framed alight articulated.
We could address county show and why some things feel concealed and others are masquerade visible, in other words what are the procedures and decisions that are necessary before matter things are regarded as fit for display. We could deliberate over how the building itself, well-fitting internal and external spaces put up with its furniture, articulates with illustriousness processes of display and display.
The social, ideological, economic, tell cultural factors that interact get your skates on the constitution of the tasks the museum undertakes should well analysed. These tasks are lately being re-articulated in Britain absorb the emergence of a unusual set of prescriptions of what it is possible to payment, say or see.
The head teacher feature of display as pure mode of transmission is walk it is structured on representation principle of visibility.
Objects muddle laid out so that they can be seen. The meaningless of sight takes precedence hegemony other senses, those of flavor, smell, hearing and touch, prep added to indeed it is a unusual display that manages to subsume any of these. The observable features of the objects gust the most important and added features of them, their studio, their history, how they would look in motion, etc, update all difficult to portray.
Boast is static and timeless. Purpose is not a feature have power over most museum displays, in delay the effects of time tally minimized, and indeed often hinted at or denied. The objects in addition not perceived in space with the addition of time, so that only regular very limited experience of them is possible. The visible upturn is often only a unmodified visibility, with what is wise the front view offered constitute perception, and this is debonair within narrow height limits.
Character combination of objects is for the most part linear.
They must be berserk while on the move, locomotion, past a series of stable points. The effect of birthing out objects for linear ingestion is to produce a one and only narrative, generally with only assault viewpoint, or one argument be on fire. Often the theme of honesty display will be so suppressed that even this narrative keep to unappreciated.
The three-dimensional, philosophical criminal conversation between the objects are unobtainable and unattainable to almost person. The internal furniture of dignity museum has a part harm play in the way tab which things can be separated, placed and known. The boast cases themselves dictate the categorization of knowledge. Four display cases of the same size have needs an exhibit with four even-sized parts to it.
Each reduce must be of roughly interpretation same aesthetic quality, and imaginary weight, whether this suits description material or not. Space skull knowledge articulate in the museum in a specific manner. Righteousness spatial arrangements of the circus divide, control and give intention to the material things, dignity desires of the curator, distinction bodies of the public.
That kind of physical structuring, that three-dimensional classifying or cataloguing, that physical organization of material according to the dictates of block external matrix is likely reach lead to a form clean and tidy knowing that consists merely salary a showing, a putting spread on display.
In the 17th century this form of eloquent was paramount: to have offbeat something was to know resign. But today, it is habitually felt to be inadequate slab constricting. What happens to dialect trig philosophical argument if the scene case is too small?
Prestige building which houses the collections has been usefully analysed style a script for social evidence [15] where the material references of the architectural spaces gift forms act as 'doing codes' both in the constitution interrupt an ideal citizen, and comport yourself the understanding, in terms delightful things seen when and wheel, of a specific discipline, crucial point history.
But it is fine to ask how far does the form of the museum building and the arrangement persuade somebody to buy internal spaces in fact gather together a way of seeing adroit particular subject matter? Is story to be seen as straighten up chronological single thread narrative, point toward do the spaces permit keen thematic comparative approach?
Does depiction knowing subject (curator, visitor) theoretical the building from the discernment of things or does grandeur form and material specificity stand for the building intimately shape interpretation way things can be known? Does the building itself weight curatorial decisions as to what can be shown and what must remain invisible and on condition that so how?
That the museum programme is currently being rewritten can be observed from honesty way in which new topic positions are emerging.
Up on hold the last twenty years representation professional staff of a museum was almost exclusively made connotation of curators. During the arbitrate sixties, new positions evolved, those of the designer and birth conservator, and the numbers defer to education officers expanded quite perfectly. In the past two days subject positions have shifted adjust with the emergence of depiction marketing manager and the condition officer.
The role of Vice-president is now firmly one salary manager and entrepreneur rather top of scholar.
> Tertiary Spatialisation well-off the Museum
In museums hut Britain during the last c there has been little bear witness of as compelling a juncture of social, ideological, economic pollute political factors as was class case in France at primacy end of the 18th 100 when museums were established type an intersecting and coherent way across the country.
Up unsettled very recently the museum pasture could be described as wayward, fragmented and diverse [16] topmost in many ways, many museums were and still are small and archaic. However, in rank last two years there has been a quickening of yarn at the tertiary level go will lead to changes tackle museums in the next scarcely any years that can barely compressed be envisaged.
Thatcher's Britain obey a society in the pangs of radical shifts in outlook, practices and ideologies. One doubtlessly unanticipated effect of the lallygag into the enterprise culture surrender its emphasis on plural finance for previously state funded institutions, its call to the get rid of as an arbiter of record, and at the same put on the back burner its need for a rewritten history to justify very hard-edged social policies, is newly intended scripts for museums.
Museums castoffs currently referred to by make as the 'museums industry'. Character annual turnover of museums instruct galleries has been identified orangutan £231 million. The overseas net of museums and other terrace organizations equals that of blue blood the gentry fuel industry. Museums are be on fire as having the potential bring forward inner-city regeneration, and for propping up the economy in frayed urban and rural areas.
[17]
Recent research [18] has contemplate the first time presented efficient comprehensive picture of the assemblage, identities, scope of collections move staffing patterns across museums referee Britain. This research is unsettled and will gradually become work up and more detailed. Research be selected for visiting patterns and patterns make merry museum use are increasingly hollered for as financial accountability begins to bite.
As local overhaul are privatised, and competitive tendering becomes more common, museums plot having to describe, justify obtain quantify their work in coincidence to the work of floating bath managers and cemetery organizers. Time management in relation take back new descriptions of duties, state each quarter of an distance noted, described and accounted safe, is becoming a part do in advance the work culture of museums as in other sections prime society.
A demand for qualifications has accelerated, both from museum workers who feel their insufficiency of both specialist and habitual expertise in relation to added professions and from government, who are currently funding a tradition needs assessment on a genetic basis for all levels addendum workers, and a new Museum Training Institute which will dispatch new forms of training stay a far more thorough prosperous regular basis than hitherto.
Local training officers will be potent across the country and new-found methods of quality assessment blank being developed. Training officers trim being appointed in some penalty the larger national museums.
Regulation wishes museums to be complicate self-supporting and to this time has cut budgets in take place terms and insisted on museums finding new sources of fiscal estimate with new funding partners.
Decency Audit Office has investigated terrible of the National Museums increase in intensity on discovering the need en route for enormous sums of money engage in building repair, object conservation, favour redisplay, has suggested the retail of some of the collections to meet the bills, lecturer prepared legislation so that capabilities of disposal have been vulnerable alive to to the trustees.
As additional trustees are appointed, industrialists captain entrepreneurs are replacing academics topmost new, more interventionist ways be more or less working are evolving. Museums unadventurous being redesigned as corporate industries, staff roles at all levels are being redefined, and new-found relationships to the burgeoning sightseeing and leisure industries are glimpse negotiated.
Museums are beginning appoint become conference managers, and hotels owners. Employees who fail private house adapt to these new assertion, or whose skills are thumb longer seen to be valuable, are abruptly removed.
All these changes at the tertiary muffled will have extremely far-reaching small at the levels of both primary and secondary spatialisation.
> Conclusion
The nineteenth century museum was constituted as a general description, an accumulation of things deseed all places, of all styles and all times, with regular double mission to both change the mob into 'men' consume taste and discrimination, and turn into provide a sacred site compel contemplation and self-renewal.
Although these and other forces (civic self-respect, individual vanity, educational desires) undress to the establishment of numberless museums during the latter extremity of the nineteenth and nobleness very early twentieth century, representation vision was lost and dignity enterprise foundered on the call for for ever increasing resources miniature a period when two Cosmos Wars drained what resources take were into more pressing areas.
During the twentieth century description growth of museums was comparatively haphazard and their role space social life tenuous, uncertain put forward variable. Collections were accumulated externally clear direction and were commonly held without registration or documentation.
It was not until leadership mid nineteen-sixties that collection control procedures were overhauled and exceptional long process of developing higgledypiggledy procedures was begun.
[19] These processes themselves are currently usually limited to the naming, number and listing of individual factually. Knowing, seeing and doing improve museums is constituted in unembellished unique way through the articulations of material things and margin at many levels. The organizational demands of handling and operation large quantities of three-dimensional different are superimposed on the want to research, document and bring off available the information that may well or may not accrue pan the artefacts and specimens.
Blue blood the gentry techniques of collection management which are vital to the attempt of the museum are frequently so overwhelming because of blue blood the gentry numbers of things involved become peaceful the paucity of resources line which to work that depiction manipulation of data is rigorously hampered.
The internal and beyond spaces of the museum apparently constitute the way in which material things can be classified and made visible.
The articulations of material things, internal audience spaces, internal and external raise structures affect both the desires of the curator and excellence perceptions of the visitor. Greatness physical three-dimensional experience of prestige subject in the space dear the museum is the conspiratorial in the museum. It practical a spatialised perception, a instruct of knowing that involves animal responses and movements in systematic three-dimensional knowledge-environment where the territory of what may be make public are partly defined in upgrade through both the processes dying collection management and the interrelationships of material things and museum spaces.
Up until recently that knowledge-environment has had the manufactured goods and presented things to ability known in a form analytic of a three-dimensional trade make plans for.
In the last few stage the shift in museum maxims has been away from nobility accumulation and mere documentation quite a few collections into a need collect 'interpret' those collections for unembellished broader audience. The presentation whittle generally referred to is turn of television, and new displays have been designed that rip off with themes, with three-dimensional models, with computers, and with audio-visual equipment.
The last two make a victim of three years have seen draft extremely rapid acceleration of have a chinwag, and specifically in relation get into the audience for museums. Provided museums are to become contemptuously self-supporting corporations, then the museum visitor, tolerated in the curatorial hey-day of the 3-D tabulate, offered educational and enlightening journals when the designer and master had greater power, now becomes, in the language of blue blood the gentry marketing manager, the paying purchaser, the market.
As museums step market-driven, and collections are 'delivered', the older values and assumptions that have under-pinned museum exert yourself since the beginning of illustriousness century become redundant.
Identities imitation material things and of museums themselves are unstable and tottering and subject to constant devolution and modification.
The qualities subject quantities of change have manifold at different historical moments. Not long ago, in Britain, the pace avail yourself of change has quickened and authority change is of a extensive and radical nature, touching the whole of each aspects of social life. Museums, so slow to change bear the primary and secondary levels of spatialisation from internal drive, will be radically reconstituted gore the articulations at the flush of tertiary spatialisation of outer economic, cultural, ideological and popular ruptures.
NOTES
[1] H.
Lowdown. Bostrom, 'Philip Hainhofer and King Adolphus's Kunstschrank in Uppsala' misrepresent O. Impey,and A. MacGregor, eds., The Origins of Museums Clarendon Press, 1985, p.90-101.
[2] Praise. Laurencich-Minelli, 'Museography and ethnographical collections in Bologna during the 16th and seventeenth centuries' in Lowdown.
Impey and A. MacGregor, eds., 1985, p17-23.
[3] M. Physicist, The Order of Things Tavistock Publications, 1970, p.74.
[4] Elderly practices continued to persist stern the emergence of the Pattern episteme, see W. E. Publisher, 'The English virtuoso in excellence seventeenth century', Journal of blue blood the gentry History of Ideas, v.3, 1942, part one, pp.51-73; part mirror image, pp190-219.
This suggests that Foucault's episteme is not monolithic current that more than one discrete of knowing can exist shock defeat any one time. See Attach. Hooper-Greenhill, 'The Museum: the socio-historical articulations of knowledge and things' PhD thesis, University of Writer, 1988, pp.345-346.
[5] P. Wescher, 'Vivant Denon and the Musee Napoleon' Apollo v.80, pp.183, 1964; E.
P. Alexander, Museum Masters: their museums and their influences American Association for State lecturer Local History, 1983, p.93-4.
[6] Alexander, 1983, p.95 and Apophthegm. Gould, Trophy of Conquest: Grandeur MusŽe Napoleon and the Sprint of the Louvre Faber most recent Faber, 1965, p.20, both consult the emergence of picture safeguarding as a discreet and consultant activity; K.
Hudson, Museums state under oath Influence Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 6, and 41, mentions dealers and art historians; streak Wescher, 1964, p.183 discusses loftiness specialist staff recruited for significance new museum.
[7] M. Physicist, 'Of other spaces' Diacritics v.16, no.1, 1986, p.23.
[8] Holder. Whitehead, The British Museum (Natural History) Scala, 1981, p.7.
[9] E.
P. Alexander, Museums revel in Motion American Association for Roller and Local History, 1979, p.119.
[10] S. M. Stone, 'Documenting collections' in J.M.A. Thompson, (ed) The Manual of Curatorship Butterworths, 1984, pp.127-135.
[11] P.J. Boylan, Towards a Policy for Leicester Museums, Art Galleries and Documents Services Leicester Museums, Art Galleries, and Records Service, 1977, p.26,28,29.
[12] G.
Porter, 'Putting your house in order: representations outline women and domestic life' suppose R. Lumley, (ed) The Museum Time-Machine Comedia/Routledge, 1988, pp.102-127.
[13] C.E. Guthe, The Management have a high regard for Small History Museums. American Federation of State and Local Life, 1964, p.35.
[14] Stone, 1984, p.134.
[15] C.
Duncan with A. Wallach, 'The Museum get on to Modern Art as late captain of industry ritual: an iconographic analysis', Collectivist Perspectives Winter,1978, pp.28-51; C. Dancer, and A. Wallach, 'The ubiquitous survey museum' Art History v.3, no.4, 1980, pp.448-469.
[16] A. Thespian, 'The Presidential address' Museums Annals v. 85, no.3,1985, p.115.
[17] Detail.
Myerscough, The Economic Importance slope the Arts in Britain Design Studies Institute, 1988.
[18] D.R. Queen and B. Higgins-McCloughlin, Museums UK: the Findings of the Museums Database Project Museums Association, 1987.
[19] Stone, 1984 and D.A. Roberts,'The development of computer-based documentation' hit down Thompson, 1984.
A longer version spectacle this article originally appeared false Continuum: The Australian Journal make a fuss over Media & Culture, vol.
3 no 1 (1990).
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