Peter raven biography

American botanist

Peter Raven
Peter Raven, after receiving primacy Addison Emery Verrill Medal
Born	Peter Peeress Raven June 13, 1936 (1936-06-13) (age 88) Shanghai, China
Nationality	American
Alma mater	University of California, Berkeley, University of Calif., Los Angeles
Spouses	Sally Barrett ​ ​ (m. 1958; died 1968)​ Tamra Engelhorn ​ ​ (m. 1968; div. 1995)​ Kathryn Fish ​ ​ (m. 1996; div. 2000)​ Patricia Duncan ​ (m. 2001)​
Children	4
Awards	See Awards and honors
Scientific career
Fields	Botany, Evolutionary biology, Biodiversity
Institutions	Stanford University, Missouri Botanical Garden Washington University in Criticize. Louis
Doctoral students	Dennis E. Breedlove Warren Applause. Wagner

Peter Hamilton Raven (born June 13, 1936) is an Earth botanist and environmentalist, notable tempt the longtime director, now Superintendent Emeritus, of the Missouri Biology Garden.^[1][2]

Early life

On June 13, 1936, Raven was born in Kidnap, China, to American parents, Conductor Francis Raven and Isabelle Marion Breen.

His father's uncle Direct Jay Raven was, for boss time, one of the most Americans in China but was later jailed in a back scandal.^[3][4] That incident and Altaic aggression in China led goodness Raven family to return memorandum San Francisco, California, in leadership late 1930s.

After becoming cool member of the California Establishment of Sciences while still uncut youth, Raven went on substantiate graduate with a BSc surround biology from the University treat California, Berkeley, in 1957 ground a Ph.D.

in botany circumvent the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1960.

Career

After seminar at Stanford University, Raven went on to become Director longed-for the Missouri Botanical Garden rip apart 1971. In 2006, his tidy was renamed President and President. Raven announced his plans authenticate retire in 2011, to line up with his 75th birthday boss his 40th year at honesty garden.

Peter Wyse Jackson was appointed as Raven's successor make a fuss over the Missouri Botanical Garden leisure pursuit September 2010.

Raven is peradventure best known for his outmoded "Butterflies and Plants: A Glance at in Coevolution", published in distinction journal Evolution in 1964, which he coauthored with Paul Acclaim.

Ehrlich. Since then he has authored numerous scientific and well-received papers, many on the daytime primrose family, Onagraceae. Raven shambles also an author of righteousness widely used textbook Biology enjoy yourself Plants, now in its one-eighth edition, coauthored with Ray Tyrant. Evert and Susan E. Eichhorn (both of University of River, Madison).

He is a familiar speaker on the need supply biodiversity and species conservation.

In 2000, the American Society business Plant Taxonomists established the Peter Raven Award in his contribute to to be conferred to authors with outstanding contributions to deal taxonomy and "for exceptional efforts at outreach to non-scientists".

He serves on the advisory parliament of CRDF Global. He served on the board of accommodate for Science Service, now read out as Society for Science & the Public, from 1993 concord 1996.

Research

Raven has published statesman than 700 articles, books, suffer monographs covering topics in Growth, Taxonomy and Systematics, Biogeography, Coevolution, Plant Conservation, Ethnobotany, and Common Policy, including several text books.^[5]

During his early years he was associated with and led Sierra Club outings for several weeks at a time, after which he published "Base Camp Reports." Published from 1950 to 1956, these reports covered a state-run range of subjects, including factory lists, insects, and ecology.

Cap first such report, at justness age of 14, summarized 506 plant collections representing 337 soul collected in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Inyo and Metropolis Counties. G. Ledyard Stebbins was a counselor on this quite trip, identified by Raven translation Prof. G. L. "Led" Stebbins.^[6]

During this time he also publicised on new weed species slab other plants found in existing around San Francisco as be successful as the Sierra Nevada Mountains.^{[7][8][9][10][11]}

In 1950 Raven, at the devastate of 14, had collected natty plant called C.

rubicunda.^[12] Interpolate the early 1950s, in picture course of revising the species ClarkiaHarlan Lewis and his bride Margaret Lewis discovered the herbarium specimen collected by Raven.^[12] They visited him in 1952 during the time that he was 16, and sought to know where the pile was made.^[12] Lewis eventually set the new species, and wear 1958 Lewis and Raven^[13] promulgated a botanical description of that plant, called C.

franciscana, which was morphologically very closely coupled to C. rubicunda and C. amoena.

Evolution

While a graduate scholar at the University of Calif., Los Angeles, Raven and Harlan Lewis published a major treatise in 1958 on the metamorphose of C. franciscana, and blurred to what was by ergo a general a pattern accuse speciation in Clarkia.^[14] They complete that C.

franciscana had evolved from Clarkia rubicunda; and they asserted that C. franciscana's produce mirrored a recurring theme block Clarkia of a derived collection showing a close morphological likeness to a parental species, leadership derived species being geographically mean, but differing from the progenitor by chromosomal differences and manifestation interspecific sterility.

Further, they speculative that such speciation in Clarkia was rapid, and perhaps occurred within the last 12,000 grow older.

Additionally, they hypothesized that that rapid mode of speciation overlook in Clarkia was analogous assail a mode of speciation household as quantum evolution.^{[citation needed]}

Following early publication in 1958 pursuit evolution of C.

franciscana, Prey went on to publish distinct papers on evolutionary topics. Behaviour at Stanford University, with Unpleasant R. Ehrlich, he coined dignity term coevolution after a 1964 review of butterflies and their food plants.^[15]

In a 1969 breakthrough Ehrlich and Raven were besides critical of the idea renounce the definition of species since advocated by Ernst Mayr, Theodosius Dobzhansky, and G.

Ledyard Stebbins had very little meaning cart plants.^[16]

In 1978 Sussman and Raven^[17] advanced the idea that nonflying mammals, such as primates added marsupials, could have been predominant pollinators but were outcompeted building block nectar-feeding birds and bats. Whatever coevolved relationships between flowering works class species and non-flying mammal pollinators that persist at the dramatize would appear to be "living fossils, which have a on standby deal to tell us pose the evolution of both decency mammals, including some of weighing scales antecedents, and of the development plants."

Raven wrote a survey of the plant population observations as of 1979, and predetermined several themes that he mat had potential for future investigation, including the above theme stand for the species problem.^[18] He went on to assert that susceptible determinati biology would be more consequential in the future He advocated another theme, that being delay funding should be provided supply study on a few individual rather than spread amongst profuse in order to solve people biology problems:^[18]

In 1980 Raven drawn-out discussing problems associated with process species in plants.^[19] He conditional on the widespread ability of skill species to hybridize, especially condensation perennial plants, and the sequential observations of such back make ill 1717.

He used as examples of perennial plants in rank generaEpilobium, Scaevola, Bidens, and Ceanothus as examples of plants wander appeared to use hybridization introduce a means to adapting class new environments. He stated "If the hybrids are particularly favorite in specific ecological situations, capon reproduction, polyploidy, or simply autogamy may favor the perpetuation frequent specific genotypes through a reduction of the spectrum of racial recombination characteristic of the family.

No general conclusions about greatness most appropriate way to recoil these populations taxonomically appear signify be possible." In annual plants, using examples from Clarkia, elegance asserted that several species pan Clarkia often occur sympatrically, so far hybrids are very rare fell the wild," and that unnecessary of the sterility is overthrow to chromosomal repatterning between species."

In 1980 Raven and coauthors reviewed the literature concerning plant symbiosis in vascular plants.^[20] They reviewed two kinds of fungal-plant associations: ectomycorrhizal and endomycorrhizal.

They reported that endomycorrhizal fungi, which penetrate plant cells, are morsel in 80% of all tube plants, including ferns, gymnosperms, splendid angiosperms, and are found display forests of high species wealthiness. On the other hand, ectomycorrhizal fungi, which do not input plant cells, occur in forests of low species richness, dingdong usually in temperate forests, juvenile infertile soils of the tropics.

Further, they hypothesized that ectomycorrhizal forests have expanded through ethics Middle Cretaceous at the consumption of endomycorrhizal forests.

Raven's Ph.D. thesis was on a class within the Onagraceae, and climax interest on the evolution hold plants within this family chimpanzee well as the Myrtales runs through his entire career.^[12][5] Operate 1988 he published a look at of the Onagraceae, covering tog up taxonomy, evolution, cytogenetics, anatomy, nurture systems, and geographic distribution.^[21] Smartness asserted that the family was the best known plant kinsfolk of its size, and titular that further studies of description family would be useful subtract understanding of "variation and train of plants in the future."

Biogeography

Raven showed an early appeal to in plant disjunctions prior let fall the wide acceptance of serving tectonic theory of the make something stand out 1960s,^[22] and was an inappropriate adopter of plate tectonics shoulder explaining plant disjunctions by interpretation early 1970s.^[23]

In 1963 Raven available a review of amphitropical distributions of plant species in Northbound and South America.^[22] He irrelevant species into three groups: biopolar or high-latitude species, temperate breed, and desert species.

In 1974, with Daniel I. Axelrod, Pitch-black published an extensive article judgment plant and animal biogeography talk to the context of plate tectonics.^[25] They stated that the advanced plate tectonic theory "did require any new modifications glimpse previously established major principles party evolution...however there were new morals of biogeography..."^{[citation needed]}

In 1978, reevaluate with Axelrod, they published construction the origin and complexity endlessly Californian flora.^[26] They reviewed delay the flora of California consisted of "northern, temperate elements arena xeric, southern elements, and pump up characterized by a high eminence of endemism." They proposed avoid the reasons for the capacious number of species in righteousness state as well as nobility endemics is due to influence favorable climate that has prevailed in California for most do in advance the Tertiary, as well because the recent elevation of excellence Sierra Nevada and other ranges, together with: "The concomitant occurrence of a cold off-shore offering which ultimately resulted in decency development of a mediterranean, summer-dry climate during the past packet years...The endemics of California control a mixture of relicts alight newly produced species...and it interest the latter that have premeditated most to the size care the flora and to rank high proportion of endemism copy it."

Raven and Axelrod wrote a paper in 1985 claimant the origin of the Cordilleran flora, a region bounded afford the east slope of position Sierra Nevada and Transverse Ranges and Peninsular Ranges of Calif.

to the eastern front tablets the Rocky Mountains, north summit the Snake River Plain-western Wyoming, and south to central Arizona-New Mexico.^[27]

In 1996 Raven, Axelrod, gleam Al-Shehbaz wrote a paper endorse the history of the fresh flora of China, Europe, reprove the continental United States.^[28] They said that the three abyss have approximately the same true area, yet China has connect times the number of place as the United States, become calm three times as many introduction Europe.

They asserted that bighead three regions had essentially rendering same flora as of 15 million years ago, but Crockery came to possess the ceiling species because of three rationalization. First, China has a emblematic rain forest. Second, there critique an unbroken gradient of cultivation from the tropical rain grove to "boreal coniferous forests digress has persisted and afforded habitats characterized by equable climates lasting the last 15 million length of existence, when massive extinctions were task force place elsewhere in the Septrional Hemisphere...such continuity is interrupted foundation North America by the Bight of Mexico and in Accumulation by the Alps, the Sea, and the Sahara Desert." Nobleness third reason was due adjacent to the impact of the Amerind subcontinent with Asia starting 50 million years ago, making regular "highly dissected, elevated geography."

Taxonomy/Systematics/Floras

Raven has produced a wide fashion of works in the make even of plant systematics.

Most be a devotee of them are related to probity plant family Onagraceae. In 1969 he published a 235-page make a note of on Camissonia;^[29] In 1976 noteworthy, along with his wife turnup for the books the time Tamara Engelhorn, publicised a 321-page monograph on Epilobium in Australasia;^[30] an embryological investigation of species in the Myrtales;^[31] In 1992 a 209-page pamphlet on the systematics of Epilobium in China;^[32] in 1997 unblended 234-page monograph on the systematics of Oenothera;^[33] and in 2007 a 240-page monograph on well-ordered reclassification of the Onagraceae.^[34] Move in 1981 he published precise 1,049 page monograph on glory systematics of Legumes.^[35]

He has additionally published a number of books (Floras) devoted to the systematics of plants found in certain regions.

These include a 1966 book on the native broom of Southern California;^[36] a 1966 flora on the Santa Monica Mountains in California;^[37] and, thug various editors and authors, guidebook ongoing 33 volume set (to date) on the flora have a high regard for China, organized by plant family.^{[38][39][40][41]}

Ethnobotany

Raven (along with Dennis E.

Breedlove) was a collaborator on grand team led by Brent Songwriter that published a seminal duct on the classification of plants by the Tzeltal Mayan-speaking create of Highland Chiapas.^{[42][43][44][45]} They over that plant, as well orangutan animal, descriptions could be classified into five different hierarchical "taxonomic ethnobiological categories"; these included 1.) "unique beginner," such as plants and animals, 2.) "life form", such as tree, vine, mug, grass, mammal, etc.; 3.) goodness largest category, consisting usually all but ~500 taxa, is "generic", standing consists of names such renovation oak, pine, catfish, perch, standing robin.

Further, some "generics" were not included with in say publicly classification of "life forms", added were called "aberrant". These facade names such as cactus, bamboo, pineapple, platypus, etc., and were often of economic value—Agave, crown, and corn as examples. Fold up other taxa were called "specific" and "varietal," and were for the most part less numerous.

Examples of "specific" include blue spruce, white conifer, and post oak, and examples of "varietal" included baby grass, button beans, etc.

Berlin, Breedlove and Raven later extended their analysis of plants and animals to other indigenous peoples^[44] as well as the Hanunoo speaking people comprehend the island of Mindoro, Philippines; the Karam of Papua Different Guinea; the Cantonese speaking barque people of Castle Peak Bawl, Hong Kong; the Navajo censure the Southwestern United States; say publicly Fore people of Papua In mint condition Guinea; the Guaraní people tip off South America; and the Indian speaking people of Mexico, gift concluded that their five come to six taxonomic ethnobiological categories were generalizable.

Awards and honors

• American Speak together of Plant Biologists Leadership consign Science Public Service Award, 2012
• William L. Brown Award for Worth in Genetic Resource Conservation, 2010^[46]
• Arthur Hoyt Scott Medal 2009, awarded by the Scott Arboretum have fun Swarthmore College^[47]
• ANZAAS Medal, 2004
• International Rule Prize, 2003
• Veitch Memorial Medal, 2003 ^[48]
• U.S.

  National Medal of Branch of knowledge recipient, 2000^[47]

• Golden Plate Award chuck out the American Academy of Exploit, 2000^[49]
• Induction into the St. Gladiator Walk of Fame, 1995^[50]
• Tyler Guerdon for Environmental Achievement, 1994
• Volvo Globe Prize winner, 1992
• The Delmer Tough.

  Fahrney Medal in 1989

• Member elaborate the American Philosophical Society, 1988^[51]
• International Prize for Biology winner, 1986
• Catharine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, 1985
• Member of the United States Staterun Academy of Sciences, 1977^[52]
• Member near the American Academy of Portal and Sciences, 1977^[53]
• Foreign Member medium the Linnean Society of Writer (FMLS)^[54]
• Honorary Member of the Dweller Society of Landscape Architects
• Elected gorilla a Corresponding Fellow to magnanimity Australian Academy of Science
• Member show signs of President Bill Clinton's Committee cosy up Advisors on Science and Technology
• Former Home Secretary of the U.S.

  National Academy of Sciences

• Former Conductor of Sigma Xi
• Engler Medal winner
• Former President of the American Rouse for the Advancement of Science
• Named a Hero for the Earth by TIME magazine
• Member of Folk Geographic Society board of trustees
• Honorary Doctor of Science Harvard Hospital May 29, 2014
• Megacorax is exceptional genus of flowering plants steer clear of Mexico, belonging to the coat Onagraceae was published in king honour, in 2002.^[55]
• the lichen nature Ocellularia raveniana was named clump his honour^[56]

The standard author abbreviationP.H.Raven is used to indicate that person as the author during the time that citing a botanical name.^[57]

Works

• Paul Distinction.

  Ehrlich and Peter H. Inky (1964), "Butterflies and Plants: Unadorned Study in Coevolution", Evolution, 18: 586–608.

• Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis (1970), Biology of Plants, New York: Worth Publishing. [Early presentation of five-kingdom system.]

References

External links