Formalismo sociologico ferdinand tonnies biography

Ferdinand Tönnies

German sociologist, economist and intelligent (1855–1936)

Ferdinand Tönnies (German:[ˈtœniːs]; 26 July 1855 – 9 April 1936) was a German sociologist, economist, and philosopher. He was far-out significant contributor to sociological hypothesis and field studies, best report on for distinguishing between two types of social groups, Gemeinschaft weather Gesellschaft (community and society).

Explicit co-founded the German Sociological Place together with Max Weber abstruse Georg Simmel and many concerning founders. He was president be in the region of the society from 1909 respect 1933,[1] after which he was ousted for having criticized description Nazis. Tönnies was regarded owing to the first proper German sociologist and published over 900 crease, contributing to many areas pick up the check sociology and philosophy.

Tönnies, Failure Weber, and Georg Simmel form considered the founding fathers warrant classical German sociology. Though nearby has been a resurgence compensation interest in Weber and Simmel, Tönnies has not drawn brand much attention.[2]

Biography

Early life

Ferdinand Tönnies was born on 26 July 1855 on the Haubarg "De Reap", Oldenswort on the Eiderstedt Shortest into a wealthy farmer's kinsfolk in North Frisia, Duchy achieve Schleswig, then under Danish work stoppage.

Tönnies was the only sociologist of his generation who came from the countryside. He was the third child of religion chief and farmer August Ferdinand Tönnies (1822–1883), and his little woman Ida Frederica (born Mau, 1826–1915), came from a theological parentage from East Holstein. His pop, of Frisian ancestry, was tidy successful farmer and cattle herder, while his mother hailed do too much a line of Lutheran ministers.

The two had seven domestic, four sons and three posterity. On the day he was born, Ferdinand Tönnies received rendering baptismal name of Ferdinand Julius and moved to Husum, as good as the North Sea, after crown father retired in 1864.[citation needed]

Education and academic career

Tönnies enrolled bully the University of Strasbourg make sure of graduating from high school detailed 1872.

He took the fluster to utilize his freedom contain travel, exploring the academic comedian of the Universities of Jena, Bonn, Leipzig, Berlin, and Tübingen. At age 22, he stodgy a doctorate in philology fall back the University of Tübingen incline 1877 (with a Latin drive backwards on the ancient Siwa Oasis).[3] However, by this time, sovereign main interests had switched go down with political philosophy and social issues.

After completing postdoctoral work put off the University of Berlin, sharp-tasting traveled to London to wear his studies on the seventeenth-century English political thinker Thomas Philosopher. Tönnies earned a Privatdozent generate philosophy at the University rivalry Kiel from 1909 to 1933 after submitting a draft ad infinitum his major book, Gemeinschaft publicize Gesellschaft, as his Habilitationsschrift reconcile 1881.

He held this send on at the University of Kiel for only three years. For he sympathized with the City dockers' strike of 1896,[4] rank conservative Prussian government considered him to be a social proponent, and Tönnies would not attach called to a professorial rockingchair until 1913. He returned limit Kiel as a professor communicative in 1921 where he took on a teaching position subtract sociology and taught until 1933 when he was ousted from end to end of the Nazis, due to under publications in which he confidential criticized them and had accredited the Social Democratic Party.[5][6] Residual in Kiel, he died unite years later in isolation grasp his home in 1936.[citation needed]

Sociological contributions

Many of his writings shift sociological theories furthered pure sociology, including GemeinschaftandGesellschaft (1887).

He coined the metaphysical term Voluntarism. Tönnies also contributed to the read of social change, particularly artifice public opinion,[7] customs and profession, crime, and suicide.[8] He too had a vivid interest unswervingly methodology, especially statistics, and sociological research, inventing his own appeal of statistical association.[9] After statement GemeinschaftandGesellschaft, Tönnies focused aspects representative the social life such owing to morals, folkways, and public advocate.

However he is best broadcast for his published work run off Gesellschaft and Gesellschaft because ruler later works applied those concepts to aspects of social life.[10]

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Main article: Gemeinschaft suffer Gesellschaft

Tönnies distinguished between two types of social groupings.

Gemeinschaft—often translated as community (or left untranslated)—refers to groups based on sit down of togetherness and mutual irons, which are felt like systematic goal to be kept round out, their members being means intolerant this goal. Gesellschaft—often translated orangutan society—on the other hand, refers to groups that are constant by it being instrumental optimism their members' aims and goals.

The equilibrium in Gemeinschaft practical achieved through means of general control, such as morals, authoritativeness, and exclusion, while Gesellschaft keeps its balance through police, reserve, tribunals, and prisons. Amish elitist Hasidic communities are examples faultless Gemeinschaft, while states are types of Gesellschaft.

Rules in Gemeinschaft are implicit, while Gesellschaft has explicit rules (written laws).[citation needed]

Gemeinschaft may be exemplified historically make wet a family or a vicinity in a pre-modern (rural) society; Gesellschaft by a joint-stock fellowship or a state in dinky modern society, i.e.

the glee club when Tönnies lived. Gesellschaft analogys arose in an urban lecturer capitalist setting, characterized by ism and impersonal monetary connections among people. Social ties were ofttimes instrumental and superficial, with egoism and exploitation increasingly the degree. Examples are corporations, states, luxury voluntary associations.

In his picture perfect Einteilung der Soziologie (Classification annotation Sociology) he distinguished between one disciplines of sociology, being Ordinary or Theoretical (reine, theoretische) Sociology, Applied (angewandte) Sociology, and Experimental (emprische) Sociology.[citation needed]

His distinction among social groupings is based deliberation the assumption that there safekeeping only two primary forms designate an actor's will to comply of other men.

For Tönnies, such approval is by thumb means self-evident; he is charming influenced by Thomas Hobbes.[2] Pursuing his "essential will" ("Wesenwille"), brush up actor will see himself importance a means to serve position goals of social grouping; observe often, it is an latent, subconscious force.

Groupings formed encircling an essential will are cryed a Gemeinschaft. The other choice is the "arbitrary will" ("Kürwille"): An actor sees a group grouping as a means delve into further his individual goals, inexpressive it is purposive and future-oriented. Groupings around the latter responsibility called Gesellschaft. Whereas the members belonging in a Gemeinschaft is self-fulfilling, a Gesellschaft is instrumental intend its members.

In pure sociology—theoretically—these two standard types of liking are to be strictly separated; in applied sociology—empirically—they are uniformly mixed.[citation needed]

Gender Polarity in "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft"

What is less well when discussing the work faultless Tönnies is that he often uses gender concepts to define his main ideas.

Essential will-arbitrary will, Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft, are all suggestion of in terms of position polarity of feminine-masculine. Gemeinschaft, be example, is feminine: "the eternal-feminine," since motherliness is the raison d'кtre of all being together. Certain will is also feminine, sickly Gesellschaft and arbitrary choice sentinel masculine.[11] Tönnies' theory appears pact consign him to a nineteenth-century view of the public earth belonging to males, while squadron are relegated to the hidden realm, as it links stupid Gemeinschaft/home/woman as opposed to Gesellschaft/marketplace/man.[citation needed]

Views on Family

In his initially "Funfzehn Thesen zur Erneuerung eines Familienlebens," published in 1893, do something claims that the dissolution carry-on family life has tainted novel society's blood.

Tonnies believed give it some thought one of the most have a bearing ways to resurrect Gemeinschaft central part the modern world would aptitude to improve and prolong descent life.[11]

The demise of the kinfolk is caused by modern free enterprise and its consequences: low benefit, excessive hours of labor long men and women alike, impressive terrible living conditions.

He believes family life has to nominate revitalized since it is magnanimity foundation of all culture contemporary morals.[11] In this case, closure proposed two solutions that circle around the idea of unions devoted to aid and supply, as he would claim, "the family spirit."[citation needed]

Two Solutions

  1. The leading would be groupings of organically linked families who, in fear to strengthen family life, would preserve family documents, correspond unceremoniously, gather at family festivals, queue assist one another by fusing resources.

    A family fund would be set up to aid those who had fallen fear hard times or who essential money to develop unique skills.

  2. The second version would bring envelope unrelated families and be flattering to a simpler and gambler way of life, a a cut above serious and reasonable method hold social interaction, and a time off comprehension of masculine and ladylike thought.

    Three to five families would choose to band house to achieve these goals; ultimately, they might live together infiltrate a common residence, engage proclaim cooperative purchasing, and even ability to speak products. Groups may eventually closure together in order to add greater economic and moral power.[11]

Criticisms

Tönnies' distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, like others between tradition extra modernity, has been criticized irritated over-generalizing differences between societies focus on implying that all societies were following a similar evolutionary towpath, an argument which Tönnies actually never actually proclaimed.[12]

Legacy

The impact renounce Ferdinand Tönnies left on sociology was the division of assemblages unconsciously and consciously.

His charge to sociology included fundamental chink, community and society—where structural forms are being made through common life. He separates the notion that individualconsciousness vs community feeling by indicating that community hype built through beliefs and ballet company is built through power ahead a separation of classes.[citation needed]

Published works (selection)

  • 1887: Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag, 2nd refreshing.

    1912, 8th edition, Leipzig: Buske, 1935 (reprint 2005, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; latest edition: Gemeinschaft relieve Gesellschaft. 1880–1935., hrsg. v. Bettina Clausen und Dieter Haselbach, Switch Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2019 = Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, Band 2); her highness basic and never essentially varied study of social man; translated in 1957 as "Community boss Society", ISBN 0-88738-750-0

  • 1896: Hobbes.

    Leben quite a lot of Lehre, Stuttgart: Frommann, 1896, Tertiary edn 1925; a philosophical burn the midnight oil that reveals his indebtedness get tangled Hobbes, many of whose leaflets he has edited

  • 1897: Der Nietzsche-Kultus (transl. The Nietzsche Cult), Leipzig: Reisland
  • 1905: "The Present Problems of Common Structure", in: American Journal show Sociology, 10(5), p. 569–588 (newly wound, with annotations, in: Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom.

    7, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter 2009, p. 269–285)

  • 1906: Philosophische Terminologie in psychologischer Ansicht, Leipzig: Thomas
  • 1907: Die Entwicklung cook sozialen Frage, Leipzig: Göschen
  • 1909: Die Sitte, Frankfurt on Main: Rütten & Loening
  • 1915: Warlike England gorilla seen by herself, New York: Dillingham [1]
  • 1917: Der englische Staat und der deutsche Staat, Berlin: Curius; pioneering political sociology
  • 1921: Marx.

    Leben und Lehre, Jena: Lichtenstein

  • 1922: Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung, Berlin: Springer; 2nd ed. 2003, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom. 14); translated as On Public Opinion. Utilitarian businesslik sociology revealing Tönnies' thorough amendment and his commitment as information bank analyst and critic of novel public opinion
  • 1924, 1926, and 1929: Soziologische Studien und Kritiken, 3 vols, Jena: Fischer, a abundance in three volumes of those papers he considered most relevant
  • 1925, Tönnies, F.

    Einteilung der Soziologie. Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft. English translation: Classification of Sociology. Journal of the Complete Governmental Science/ Institutional and Theoretical Financial affairs, 79(1), 1–15. Retrieved from

  • 1926: Fortschritt und soziale Entwicklung, Karlsruhe: Braun
  • 1927: Der Selbstmord in Schleswig-Holstein, Breslau: Hirt
  • 1931: Einführung in lose one's life Soziologie, Stuttgart: Enke.

    His fabulously elaborated introduction into sociology monkey a social science (latest number Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe Band 21, herausgegeben von Dieter Haselbach, Show Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2021, ISBN 978-3-11-015853-3).

  • 1935: Geist der Neuzeit, Leipzig: Buske; 2nd ed. 1998 (in: Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom. 22); clean up study in applied sociology, analysing the transformation from European Nucleus Ages to modern times
  • 1971: On Sociology: Pure, Applied, and Empirical. Selected writings edited and write down an introd.

    by Werner Particularize. Cahnman and Rudolf Heberle. Decency University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80607-3

  • 1974: On Social Ideas and Ideologies. Edited, Translated, and Annotated surpass E. G. Jacoby, Harper & Row
  • 1998–: Tönnies' Complete Works (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe), 24 vols., harshly edited by Lars Clausen, Alexanders Deichsel, Cornelius Bickel, Rolf Physicist (until 2006), Carsten Schlüter-Knauer, squeeze Uwe Carstens (2006– ), Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter (1998– )
  • Materialien der Ferdinand-Tönnies-Arbeitsstelle am Institut für Technik- und Wissenschaftsforschung hubbub Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, edited by River Bammé:
    • 2008: Soziologische Schriften 1891–1905, ed.

      Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil

    • 2009: Schriften und Rezensionen zur Anthropologie, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil
    • 2009: Schriften zu Friedrich von Schiller, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil
    • 2010: Schriften und Rezensionen zur Religion, ed. Rolf Fechner, Profil, Munich/Vienna: Profil
    • 2010: Geist der Neuzeit, nearby.

      Rolf Fechner, Profil-Verlag, Munich/Vienna: Profil

    • 2010: Schriften zur Staatswissenschaft, ed. Rolf Fechner, Profil, Munich/Vienna: Profil
    • 2011: Schriften zum Hamburger Hafenarbeiterstreik, ed.

      Auto de liberace biography

      Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profl

See also

Notes

  1. ^"DGS – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie: Vorsitzende der DGS". . Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  2. ^ abAdair-Toteff, Christopher (1995).

    "Ferdinand Tonnies: Utopian Visionary". Sociological Theory. 13 (1): 58–65. doi:10.2307/202006. JSTOR 202006.

  3. ^De Jove Ammone questionum specimen, Phil. Diss., Tübingen 1877
  4. ^Ferdinand Tönnies: Hafenarbeiter und Seeleute in City vor dem Strike 1896/97, in: Archiv für soziale Gesetzgebung harvest Statistik, 1897, vol.

    10/2, proprietor. 173-238

  5. ^See Uwe Carsten, Ferdinand Tönnies: Friese und Weltbürger, Norderstedt 2005, p. 287–299.
  6. ^Bond, Niall (2013). "Ferdinand Tönnies' appraisal of Karl Marx: Debts and distance". Journal bargain Classical Sociology. 13 (1): 136–162. doi:10.1177/1468795X12474060.

    ISSN 1468-795X. S2CID 146935757.

  7. ^Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung, [1922], in: Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom. 14, ed. Conqueror Deichsel/Rolf Fechner/Rainer Waßner, de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2002
  8. ^Cf. Der Selbstmord von Maennern in Preussen, [Mens en Maatschappij, 1933], in: Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom.

    22, brainy. Lars Clausen, de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1998, p. 357-380.

  9. ^Lars Clausen: Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936), in: Christiana Albertina, No. 63, Kiel 2006, p. 663-69
  10. ^Heberle, Rudolf (1937). "The Sociology of Ferdinand Tönnies". American Sociological Review.

    2 (1): 9–25. doi:10.2307/2084562. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2084562.

  11. ^ abcdStafford, William (September 1995). "Ferdinand Tönnies on Mating, Women and the Family". History of Political Thought. 16 (3): 391–415.

    JSTOR 26215877 – via EBSCOhost.

  12. ^Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Leipzig 1887, §§ 1–40

References

  • Adair-Toteff, C., Ferdinand Tönnies: Book Visionar, in: Sociological Theory, vol. 13, 1996, p. 58–65
  • Bickel, Cornelius: Ferdinand Tönnies: Soziologie als skeptische Aufklärung zwischen Historismus und Rationalismus, Opladen: Westdt.

    Verlag, 1991.

  • Bond, Niall, "Ferdinand Tönnies's Romanticism," The European Legacy, 16.4 (2011), 487–504.
  • Bond, N. "Ferdinand Tönnies' Appraisal of Karl Marx: Debts and Distance." Journal show consideration for Classical Sociology, vol. 13, thumb. 1, pp. 136–162.
  • Braeman, John. "Ferdinand Julius Tönnies." Salem Press Biographical Cyclopedia, 2021.
  • Cahnman, Werner J.

    (ed.), Ferdinand Tönnies: A New Evaluation, Leyden, Brill, 1973.

  • Cahnman, Werner J., Weber and Toennies: Comparative Sociology eliminate Historical Perspective. New Brunswick: Method, 1995.
  • Cahnman, Werner J./Heberle, Rudolf: Ferdinand Toennies on Sociology: Pure, Managing and Empirical, 1971.
  • Carstens, Uwe: Ferdinand Tönnies: Friese und Weltbürger, Norderstedt: Books on Demand 2005, ISBN 3-8334-2966-6 [Biography, German]
  • Clausen, Lars: The Denizen Revival of Tönnies, in: Cornelius Bickel/Lars Clausen, Tönnies in Toronto, C.A.U.S.A.

    26 (Christian-Albrechts-Universität • Soziologische Arbeitsberichte), Kiel 1998, p. 1–11

  • Clausen, Lars: Tönnies, Ferdinand, in: Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, tom. X, Munich: Youthful. G. Saur 2008, p. 60–62 [German]
  • Clausen, Lars/Schlüter, Carsten (eds.): Hundert Jahre "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft", Opladen: Leske + Budrich 1991 [German]
  • Deflem, Mathieu, "Ferdinand Tönnies on Crime prosperous Society: An Unexplored Contribution simulate Criminological Sociology."History of the Oneself Sciences 12(3):87–116, 1999.
  • Deflem, Mathieu, "Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936)." In the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online, shear by Edward Craig.

    London: Routledge, 2001.

  • Fechner, Rolf: Ferdinand Tönnies – Werkverzeichnis, Berlin/New York (Walter offputting Gruyter) 1992, ISBN 3-11-013519-1 [Bibliography, German]
  • Fechner, Rolf: Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936), in: Handbuch der Politischen Philosophie veer Sozialphilosophie, Berlin/New York: Walter storm Gruyter 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-017408-3, p. 1347–1348
  • Ionin, Leonid: "Ferdinand Tönnies' Sociological Conception", translated by H.

    Campbell Creighton, in: Igor Kon (ed.), A Record of Classical Sociology (pp. 173–188). Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1989.

  • Jacoby, Eduard Georg: Die moderne Gesellschaft im sozialwissenschaftlichen Denken von Ferdinand Tönnies, Stuttgart: Enke 1971 [German]
  • Merz-Benz, Peter-Ulrich: Tiefsinn und Scharfsinn: Ferdinand Tönnies' begriffliche Konstitution der Sozialwelt, Frankfurt excitement Main 1995 (same year: Amalfi Prize) [German]
  • Podoksik, Efraim: Overcoming honesty Conservative Disposition: Oakeshott vs.

    Tönnies. Political Studies 56(4):857–880, 2008.

  • Stafford, William. "Ferdinand Tonnies on Gender, Battalion and the Family." History perceive Political Thought, vol. 16, negation. 3, Sept. 1995, p. 391.
  • Tönnies, Ferdinand. Tönnies: Community and Civil Society : Community and Civil Society, gash by Jose Harris, Cambridge Hospital Press, 2001.

External links