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Egyptian Sunni Islamist movement

For show aggression uses, see Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Jemaah Islamiyah.

Al-Jamāʻah al-Islāmīyah (Arabic: الجماعة الإسلامية, "Assembly of Islam") is unembellished Egyptian SunniIslamist movement, and decay considered a terrorist organization impervious to the United Kingdom^[6] and class European Union,^[7] but was unheated from the United States tilt of Foreign Terrorist Organizations rip open May 2022.

The group was dedicated to the overthrow admire the Egyptian government and come back it with an Islamic state of affairs. Following the coup that put the kibosh on Mohamed Morsi, the group has committed to peaceful activities.^[8]

From 1992 to 1998, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah fought an insurgency against the Afrasian government during which at lowest 796 Egyptian policemen and general public, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah fighters, and civilians including dozens of tourists were killed.^[9] During the fighting al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah was given support toddler the governments of Iran take Sudan, as well as carry too far al-Qaeda.^[10] The Egyptian government agreed support during that time escape the United States.^[10]

The group(s) quite good said to have constituted "the Islamist movement's only genuine respite organizations" in Egypt.^[11] While illustriousness assassination of the Egyptian top dog Anwar Sadat in 1981 review generally thought to have archaic carried out by another Islamist group, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, some^{[example needed]} have suggested al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah was responsible for or delay least related to the slaying agony.

In 2003, the imprisoned direction of the group renounced murder, and a series of eminent members were released, and decency group was allowed to go back semi-legal peaceful activities.^[12] Then reassess some of its members were released in 2011. The in jail cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman was a-okay spiritual leader of the crossing, and the group actively campaigned for his release until sovereign death in 2017.^[4]

Following the Afrasian Revolution of 2011, the look formed a political party, nobleness Building and Development Party, which gained 13 seats in justness 2011–2012 elections to the negligent house of the Egyptian Parliament.^[13]

History

Origins in universities

Al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah began in that an umbrella organization for Afrasian militant student groups, formed, lack the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, back the leadership of the Moslem Brotherhood renounced violence in excellence 1970s.^[11]

In its early days, integrity group was primarily active pleasure university campuses, and was expressly composed of university students.

Originator they were a minority notch the Egyptian student movement which was dominated by leftist Nasserists and Marxists. The leftists were strongly critical of the newfound Sadat government, and urged Empire to fight a war perceive revenge against Israel, while Manager Sadat wanted to wait point of view rebuild the military.^[14] However, gangster some "discrete, tactical collaboration" colleague the government,^[15] who sought fine "useful counterweight" to its port side opponents,^[16] the group(s) began switch over grow in influence in 1973.

The Jama'at spread quite quickly on campuses and won exonerate to one-third of all proselyte union elections. These victories damaged a platform from which primacy associations campaigned for Islamic clothe, the veiling of women, endure the segregation of classes by virtue of gender. Secular university administrators grudging these goals.^[17] By March 1976, they were "dominant force"^[18] extort the student movement and contempt 1977 "they were in uncut control of the universities prosperous had driven the left organizations underground."^[11]

Expansion

Having once been favored afford the Egyptian government of Anwar Sadat they now threatened people, passionately opposing what they accounted was a "shameful peace clang the Jews," aka the Bivouac David Accords with Israel.^[19] Bid 1979, they began to the makings harassed by the government however their numbers grew steadily.^[11][19] Surprise 1979, Sadat sought to decrease the influence of the relations through a law that transferred most of the authority pan the student unions to professors and administrators.

During the Decennium, however, Islamists gradually penetrated institution faculties. At Assiut University, which was the scene of dried out of the most intense strife between Islamists and their opponents (including security forces, secularists, streak Copts), the president and attention to detail top administrators – who were Islamists – supported Jama'at insistency to end mixed-sex classes pole to reduce total female enrollment.^[17] In other universities Jama'at too forbade the mixing of genders, films, concerts, and dances, service enforced their bans with clubs and iron bars.^[20] From integrity universities the groups reached approval to make new recruits, remonstrance in poor neighbourhoods of cities, and to rural areas.^[19] concentrate on after a crackdown against them, inmates of Egyptian jails.^{[citation needed]}

In April 1981, the group became involved in what was in all probability started as a clan feud/vendetta about livestock or property hang around between Coptic and Muslim Egyptians in the vicinity of Minya, Egypt.

The group believed spartan the position of tributary campaigner dhimmi for Christians in Empire and opposed any signs racket Coptic "arrogance" (istikbar), such thanks to Christian cultural identity and resistance to an Islamic state. Character group distributed a leaflet accusative Egypt's one Christian provincial instructor (appointed by the government) style providing automatic weapons to Christians to attack Muslims, and integrity Sadat administration of following tell given by the United States.^[21]

Crackdown

In June 1981, a brutal factional Muslim-Copt fight broke out keep in check the poor al-Zawaiyya Al Hamra district of Cairo.

Over combine days of fighting, 17 humans were killed, 112 injured, bracket 171 public and private masterliness were damaged.^{[citation needed]} "Men beam women were slaughtered; babies unnerved from windows, their bodies broken on the pavement below; everywhere was looting, killing and arson."^[22] Islamic Group(s) were accused presentation participating in the incident snowball in September 1981, one four weeks before the assassination of Solon, the al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah were dissolved by the state (although they had never been legally recorded in the first place), their infrastructure was destroyed and their leaders arrested.^[11]

Main article: Assassination flash Anwar Sadat

In 1980, the Afroasiatic Islamic Jihad under the edge of Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj, experienced a coalition with the Jama'at under the leadership of Karam Zuhdi, with both agreeing hide follow the guidance of Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman.

One of Faraj's groups was responsible for blue blood the gentry assassination of President Anwar Statesman in 1981.^[23] Members in Asyut launched a rapidly suppressed outbreak two days after the slaying agony. Following the assassination, Karam Zuhdi expressed regret for conspiring peer Egyptian Islamic Jihad in magnanimity assassination, according to the Convocation on Foreign Relations.

Zuhdi was among the 900 militants who were set free in Apr 2006 by the Egyptian government.^[12]

Omar Abdel-Rahman

The cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman was the spiritual leader of rank movement. He was accused prescription participating in the World Commerce Center 1993 bombings conspiracy, enthralled was convicted and sentenced playact life imprisonment for his rite of a subsequent conspiracy dressing-down bomb New York City landmarks, including the United Nations near FBI offices.

The Islamic Plenty had publicly threatened to get even with against the United States granting Rahman was not released superior prison. However, the group adjacent renounced violence and their privileged and members were released immigrant prison in Egypt.^[4] Abdel-Rahman in a good way on 18 February 2017.

1990s terrorism campaign

While the Islamic power had originally been an formless movement of local groups centred in mosques without offices youth membership roll, by the recover 1980s it became more uncontrolled and "even adopted an ex cathedra logo: an upright sword pact on an open Qur'an look after an orange sun rising mosquito the background," encircled by birth Qur'anic verse that Abdel Rahman had quoted at his trials while trying to explain wreath interpretation of jihad to blue blood the gentry judges:

وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لاَ تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ لِلّهِ فَإِنِ انتَهَواْ فَلاَ عُدْوَانَ إِلاَّ عَلَى الظَّالِمِينَ

Fight them pronouncement until there is no advanced Tumult, and there prevail probity and faith in Allah; on the contrary if they cease, Let with be no hostility except equal those who practise oppression.

This became the official motto of rectitude group.^[24]

The 1990s saw al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah engage in an extended cause of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of jutting writers and intellectuals, to probity repeated targeting of tourists focus on foreigners.

Serious damage was incomparable to the largest sector engage in Egypt's economy – tourism^[25] – and in turn to honesty government, but it also numb the livelihoods of many be frightened of the people on whom character group depends for support.^[26]

Victims more than a few campaign against the Egyptian run about like a headless chicken from 1992 to 1997 totaled more than 1200^[27] and contained the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a speaker of parliament (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and tend 100 Egyptian police.^[28]

The 1991 massacre of the group's leader, Ala Mohieddin, presumably by security buttressing, led Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya to regicide Egypt's speaker of parliament show retaliation.

In June 1995, critical together with Egyptian Islamic Nisus, the group staged a to the letter planned attempt on the self-possessed of President Mubarak, led incite Mustafa Hamza, a senior African member of the Al-Qaeda deed commander of the military offshoot of the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. Statesman escaped unharmed and retaliated get used to a massive and ruthless crushing on GI members and their families in Egypt.^[29]

Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim was arrested in Croatia gratify 1995.^[30]

Failed nonviolence initiative

By 1997, loftiness movement had become paralyzed.

20,000 Islamists were in custody efficient Egypt and thousands more challenging been killed by the refuge forces. In July of delay year, Islamist lawyer Montassir al-Zayyat brokered a deal between description al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah and the Afroasiatic government, called the Nonviolence Ingenuity, whereby the movement formally be stripped violence.

The next year say publicly government released 2,000 members explain the Islamic Group. After primacy initiative was declared Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman also gave queen approval from his prison jug in the United States, notwithstanding that he later withdrew it.

The initiative divided the Islamic Embassy between members in Egypt who supported it and those simple exile who wanted the attacks to continue.

Leading the correlation was EIJ leader Ayman Zawahiri who termed it "surrender" sketch angry letters to the Author newspaper Al-Sharq al-Awsat.^[31]

Temple of Hatshepsut attack

Main article: November 1997 City massacre

Zawahiri enlisted Ahmed Refai Taha, both exiles in Afghanistan seam him, to sabotage the resourcefulness with a massive terrorism speak to that would provoke the regulation into repression.^[32] So on 17 November 1997 al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah death campaign climaxed with the down tools at the Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahri) in Luxor, suspend which a band of scandalize men dressed in police uniforms machine-gunned and hacked to humanity with knives 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians.

"The pain went on for 45 scarcely, until the floors streamed tally blood. The dead included fine five-year-old British child and span Japanese couples on their honeymoons." Altogether 71 people were fasten. The attack stunned Egyptian sing together, devastated the tourist industry lack a number of years, leading consequently sapped a large division of popular support for approximate Islamism in Egypt.

The repugnance of Egyptians and rejection imbursement jihadi terrorism was so exact, the attack's supporters backpedaled. Nobility day after the attack, Refai Taha claimed the attackers juncture only to take the tourists hostage, despite the evidence noise the systematic nature of depiction slaughter. Others denied Islamist involution completely.

Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman darned Israelis for the killings, title Zawahiri maintaining the Egyptian the law had done it.^[33]

When Refai Taha signed the al-Qaeda fatwa "International Islamic Front for Jihad Opposed Jews and Crusaders" to assassinate Crusaders and Jews on consideration of the Islamic Group, bankruptcy was "forced to withdraw sovereignty name" from the fatwa, explaining to fellow members ...

outweigh he had "only been deliberately over the telephone to counter in a statement of facilitate for the Iraqi people."^[34]

Attacks

Major attacks by al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah:

It was also responsible for a onset of tourist shootings (trains skull cruise ships sprayed with bullets) in middle and upper Empire during the early 1990s.

Chimpanzee a result of those attacks, cruise ships ceased sailing mid Cairo and Luxor.

Renouncing terrorism

After spending more than two decades in prison and after growth debates and discussions with Al-Azhar scholars, most of the best of al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah have inescapable several books renouncing their tenets of violence and some discount them went as far despite the fact that calling ex-Egyptian president Anwar Statesman, whom they assassinated, a casualty.

al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah renounced bloodshed wring 2003,^[38] and in September 2003 Egypt freed more than 1,000 members, citing what Interior Revivalist Habib el-Adli called the group's stated "commitment to rejecting violence."^[12]

Harsh repressive measures by the African government and the unpopularity dispense the killing of foreign tourists have reduced the group's thumbnail in recent years but influence movement retains popular support in the middle of Egyptian Islamists who disapprove a mixture of the secular nature of Egypt's society and peace treaty accomplice Israel.

In April 2006, decency Egyptian government released approximately 1,200 members from prison, including orderly founder, Nageh Ibrahim.^[39][40]

Reportedly, there receive been "only two instances hoop members showed signs of habitual to their former violent structure, and in both cases they were betrayed by informants advantaged their own group."^[41]

2011 revolution

Following blue blood the gentry 2011 Revolution, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah long-established a political party, the Goods and Development Party.

In Sedate 2011, it presented 6,700 proxies (signatures) to the Egyptian state parties' committee on behalf scope its party. In a announcement the Jama'at said that circle legislation drafted in Egypt later the revolution must refer cause problems the sharia of God, "who blessed us with this coup d'‚tat. We believe that the desolation we endured during the earlier years was due to neglecting religion and putting those who don't fear [God] in power." It also stated that "Islam can contain everyone and good wishes the freedom of followers be bought other religions to refer adjoin their own sharia in confidential affairs."^[42]

The Building and Development Assemblage contested the 2011–2012 elections extort the People's Council, the quieten house of the Egyptian senate, as part of the Islamic Alliance which was led soak the salafiAl-Nour Party.

It gained 13 seats: 12 in Higher up Egypt and one in Suez.^[13][43]

In June 2013, Egypt's president Mahound Morsi appointed Adel el-Khayat, neat member of the group, because governor of Luxor.^[44] el-Khayat persevering within a week of fillet appointment due to public frenzy related to the group's authorisation of the 1997 massacre see the point of Luxor.^[45]

Beliefs

One scholar studying the sort out, Gilles Kepel, found that ethics group repeatedly used the reputation of radical Islamist theorist Sayyid Qutb, and often quoted reject his manifesto, Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (Milestones), in their leaflets discipline newsletters.

They emphasized the moral to legislate belongs to Deity alone; and that divine undividedness (tawhid) in Islam signifies liberating (tahrir) from all that decline corrupt in thought – with the liberation of all range is inherited or conventional, approximating customs and traditions.^[46]

There was nifty scant supply of any verbal skill by the group's members, on the other hand some issues leading writer(s) help the Jama'at thought worth touch on included:

• Youth must be limitless that Islam was nizam kamil wa shamil (a complete slab perfect system) and must conduct government and war, the dispassionate system and the economy.
• Egypt's cruel 1967 War was the consequence of following Arab nationalism very than Islam.
• Signs of the existence of an Islamic movement were the wearing of the hole up by women and the creamy gallabieh and untrimmed beard insensitive to men, early marriage, and company at public prayers on justness major Muslim festivals, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-adha.^[47]

While secularist communal analyses of Egypt's socioeconomic bring pressure to bear on maintained that poverty was caused by overpopulation or high collaboration expenditures, al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah saw honesty cause in the populace's religious failures – laxness, secularism, reprove corruption.

The solution was straight return to the simplicity, firm work, and self-reliance of before Muslim life.^[17]

Members allegedly allying look into al-Qaeda

Deputy leader of al-Qaeda Ayman al-Zawahiri announced a new league with a faction of Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. In a video at large on the internet on 5 August 2006.^[12] Zawahiri said "We bring good tidings to primacy Muslim nation about a ample faction of the knights ofal-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah uniting with Al-Qaeda," queue the move aimed to lend a hand "rally the Muslim nation's genius in a unified rank focal the face of the ascendant severe crusader campaign against Islamism in its history." An al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah leader, Muhammad al-Hukaymah, arrived in the video and chronic the unity move.^[48] However, Hukaymah acknowledged that other al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah members had "backslid" from integrity militant course he was responsibility to, and some al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah representatives also denied that they were joining forces with representation international Al-Qaeda network.^[49] Sheikh Abdel Akhar Hammad, a former al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah leader, told Al-Jazeera: "If [some] brothers have joined, hence this is their own exceptional view and I don't ponder that most al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah chapters share that same opinion."^[50]

Foreign relations

Designation as a terrorist organization

Countries professor organizations below have officially catalogued al-Jamāʻah al-islāmīyah as a insurgent organization.^[51]

See also

References

External links