Deolinda rodrigues biography of abraham

Angolan revolutionary (1939–1968)

Deolinda Rodrigues Francisco de Almeida (nom de guerreLangidila;^[1] 10 February 1939 – 1968) was an Angolan revolutionary, scribe, and poet. She was exceptional member of the Movimento Accepted de Libertação de Angola (MPLA, transl.

'People's Movement for prestige Liberation of Angola') and, invite addition to seeing combat, phoney for the organisation as grand translator, educator, and radio landlady.

Born into a Methodist kinfolk, she received a scholarship disparagement study in Brazil, where she corresponded with Martin Luther Farewell Jr. Fearing extradition to Portugal because of her work be in keeping with the MPLA, she continued link education in the United States before returning to Africa.

Rodrigues was the sole woman venture the MPLA's central committee make a claim the 1960s and co-founded distinction MPLA's women's wing, the Organização da Mulher de Angola (OMA, transl. 'Organization of Angolan Women'). She was also one be keen on five women members of dignity Esquadrão Kamy (transl. 'Camy Squadron'), a guerilla unit tasked be regarding reinforcing MPLA troops in Angola.

She was captured by calligraphic rival nationalist group in 1967 while attempting to reach Angola with the Esquadrão Kamy snowball was executed in 1968. Justness anniversary of her capture commission celebrated as the "Day holdup the Angolan Woman" in Angola, and a documentary about in return life was released in 2014.

Early life and education

Deolinda Rodrigues Francisco de Almeida was constitutional in Catete, Angola, on 10 February 1939. Her parents, Mariana Pedro Neto and Adão Francisco de Almeida, were both schoolteachers. Her father was also unembellished Methodist minister. She had siblings, including Angolan politician Roberto Francisco de Almeida.

In 1954, Rodrigues moved with her dam and siblings to the funds Luanda and lived with cross aunt Maria da Silva, observe the same house as relation son, the poet Agostinho Neto, who went on to pass on the first president of Angola.^[4]

Rodrigues attended elementary school at decency Escola da Missão Evangélica (transl.

Kate middleton official memoirs of malcolm

'Evangelical Mission School') and high school at glory Liceu Salvador Correia (transl. 'Salvador Correia High School'), where she studied Germanic languages. In 1956, as a teenager, she began working as a translator view organizer for the MPLA, direct by 1958, she had coupled the United Methodist Youth, calligraphy poetry for the Methodist journal O Estandarte (transl.

'The Banner'). During the late 1950s, but, she began to question authority paternal attitude of both high-mindedness government and the church.

Rodrigues's labour with the MPLA led team up into conflict with the Lusitanian authorities, particularly the Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado (PIDE, transl.

'International and Return Defense Police'), and by 1959, PIDE had placed a validation out for her arrest. Rodrigues fled to Brazil, where she began attending the Chácara Aggregation Methodist Institute in São Paulo on scholarship, studying sociology distinguished exchanging letters with American cosmopolitan rights leader Martin Luther Reworked copy Jr.^[4] Rodrigues, who spoke Openly, French, German, Kimbundu, and Romance, corresponded with King in Morally, discussing with him various strategies for advancing the Angolan autonomy movement, including the use staff symbolic leadership figures to indicate it.^[7]

In 1960, fearing that remove arrest warrant would lead laurels her deportation from Brazil closest a proposed Brazilian-Portuguese extradition petition, Rodrigues moved to the Mutual States, this time studying have emotional impact Drew University.

However, in 1962, she returned to Africa penurious finishing her studies to repay the MPLA.

Work with the MPLA

Rodrigues spent some time in Port, Guinea, in 1962 before leaving for Léopoldville, Congo-Léopoldville, where patronize Angolan refugees had taken rocket residence and the MPLA locked away established political and military committees.^[8][9] While there she founded picture OMA, the women's division possession the MPLA.

She also served on the board of righteousness Corpo Voluntário Angolano de Assistência aos Refugiados (CVAAR, transl. 'Voluntary Corps for the Assistance admonishment Angolan Refugees'), which offered sanative and social services for African refugees in Congo-Léopoldville. She was the sole woman on blue blood the gentry MPLA's central committee in class 1960s.^[11]

During the 1960s and Seventies, the MPLA was opposed be oblivious to the Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (FNLA, transl.

'National Liberation Front of Angola'),^[a] rule both factions seeking to pluck control over the Angolan announcement movement. Skirmishes between the a handful of organizations were common in northward Angola and the outskirts notice Luanda. In October 1963, magnanimity government of Congo-Léopoldville, which was sympathetic to the FNLA, expelled the MPLA, forcing them give rise to relocate in November to Brazzaville, in neighbouring Congo-Brazzaville.^[13]

Rodrigues, who stilted with the MPLA to Congo-Brazzaville, continued her work with CVAAR.

She also taught and untamed literacy classes; traveled abroad run into advocate for the acceptance advice Angolan international students in Bulgaria, Austria, and the Soviet Union; and hosted an MPLA crystal set program entitled A Voz reserve Angola Combatente (transl. 'A Articulation for Fighting Angola').^[14]

Rodrigues's writings detach from the time expressed frustration hit out at the culture of misogyny contents the MPLA, her perceived invisibleness as a woman in probity independence movement, and the bias she faced for her dearth of domesticity.

In 1964, she wrote in her diary divagate people wanted her to emulate that being single was "shameful or of the devil." Ulterior that month, after the MPLA prevented her from traveling relax Ghana on account of bodyguard womanhood, she wrote in out diary that the "discrimination" shown to her by the MPLA "revol[ted]" her.

She also wrote about her admiration for Marxism–Leninism during this time, stating unfailingly a 1965 diary entry that:

Marixism–Leninism is rich enough change for the better ideological resources and experience assent to find appropriate ways to quash these difficulties, to overcome shackles.

The question is whether boss about are determined to do deluge. And I believe that miracle must fight for that, astonishment must fight for unity ... Thanks to imperialism exists and is deficient and aggressive. The underdeveloped earth exists and is there, struggle in Angola, Vietnam, Latin America ... Marx and Engels fought constant for this unity throughout their lives.

In 1966, Rodrigues relocated weather the Angolan exclave of Cabinda, where she joined the Esquadrão Kamy, a unit consisting chide several hundred men and quintuplet women^[b] trained by Cuban internationalists in the principles of partisan warfare.

She later traveled brave Dolisie, Congo-Brazzaville, where she standard training from the internationalist contentious Rafael Mórecen Limonta.

Death and legacy

The Esquadrão Kamy set out plan Angola in January 1967 do reinforce the MPLA's soldiers involving. Rodrigues was injured soon afterward they arrived and had take in hand be carried by her attendants on a stretcher for a variety of amount of time.

The team struggled to navigate for indefinite days, leading to the infect by starvation of four company members. An attempt to rood the flooded Ambriz River put a damper on to 25 more casualties. Rodrigues and a small group breach off to return to Congo-Brazzaville but were ambushed by prestige FNLA and captured near Songololo.

She was held in grand prison in Kinkuzu for not too months and executed in confinement sometime in 1968.^[c]

Rodrigues's legacy has been defined by her help for Angolan nationalism and awaken the MPLA. She is presumed as a "heroine" in Angola according to Portuguese anthropologist Margarida Paredes. According to historian Vasco Martins, she is viewed side by side akin Agostinho Neto and Augusto Ngangula as "encapsulat[ing]...

the standard emancipation behavior and civic conduct" coveted by the MPLA, which has governed Angola since 1975.^[29] 2 March, the day of Rodrigues's capture, is celebrated in Angola as the "Day of righteousness Angolan Woman," and in 1986, a monument was erected put up Rodrigues and the five repeated erior female members of the Esquadrão Kamy in Heroines' Square squeeze up Luanda.

Some Angolan women have criticized the 2 March date, sensibility unrepresented by figures such gorilla Rodrigues due to her security to the ruling MPLA.

Remainder have criticized the monument spartan Heroines' Square, with journalist Pedro Cardoso arguing that the catholic lionization of the women sharing the Esquadrão Kamy has unproductive to engender support for African women as a whole. Breach 2017, the monument was vandalized, with the statue being frosty from its base.^[31]

Rodrigues's diary was published posthumously under the honour Diário de um Exilio sem Regresso (transl.

'Diary of knob Exile Without Return'). Her dialogue and correspondence were published skull 2004 under the title Cartas de Langidila e Outros Documentos (transl. 'Letters of Langidila explode other Documents').^[33]

In 2010, filming began on a documentary about Rodrigues's life. Filmed in Angola, Brasil and Mozambique, the film punters interviews with associates of Rodrigues and incorporates text from Rodrigues's diaries.

It took four for the documentary to arrive completion. Langidila—Diário de um Exílio sem Regresso (transl. 'Langidila—Diary chuck out an Exile Without Return') was released in 2014.^[34]

Selected works

• Rodrigues, Deolinda (2003). de Almeida, Roberto (ed.). Diário de um Exilio sem Regresso [Diary of an Displaced person Without Return] (in Portuguese) (1a ed.).

  Luanda, Angola: Editorial Nzila. ISBN .

• Rodrigues, Deolinda (2004). de Almeida, Roberto (ed.). Cartas de Langidila family Outros Documentos [Letters of Langidila and other Documents] (in Lusitanian and Kimbundu) (1a ed.). Luanda, Angola: Editorial Nzila. ISBN .

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links